The RuleTable algorithm allows rules to be specified by transition tables stored in external files. Given the rule string "Foo", the RuleTable algorithm will search for a file called Foo.table. A number of examples can be found in the Rules folder:

Banks-I, Banks-II, Banks-III, Banks-IV
In 1971, Edwin Roger Banks (a student of Ed Fredkin) made simpler versions of Codd's 1968 CA, using only two states in some cases. These four rules are found in his PhD thesis. To see the rules in action, open Banks-I-demo.rle and the other examples in Patterns/Other-Rules/Banks/.

BBM-Margolus-emulated
Ed Fredkin's Billiard Ball Model, using the Margolus neighborhood to implement a simple reversible physics of bouncing balls. In this implementation we are emulating the system using a Moore-neighborhood CA with extra states. Open BBM.rle to see the rule in action.

Byl-Loop
A six state 5-neighborhood CA that supports small self-replicating loops. To see the rule in action, open Byl-Loop.rle.

Chou-Reggia-1 and Chou-Reggia-2
Two 5-neighborhood CA that supports tiny self-replicating loops. To see the rules in action, open Chou-Reggia-Loop-1.rle and Chou-Reggia-Loop-2.rle.

Codd
In 1968, Edgar F. Codd (who would later invent the relational database) made a simpler version of von Neumann's 29-state CA, using just 8 states. To see the rule in action, open repeater-emitter-demo.rle and the other examples in Patterns/Other-Rules/Codd/.

Codd2
A very minor extension of Codd's transition table, to allow for some sheathing cases that were found with large patterns. See sheathing-problems.rle for a demonstration of the problem cases.

Devore
In 1973, John Devore altered Codd's transition table to allow for simple diodes and triodes, enabling him to make a much smaller replicator than Codd's. See Devore-rep.rle and the other examples in Patterns/Other-Rules/Codd/Devore/.

DLA-Margolus-emulated
Diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) is where moving particles can become stuck, forming a distinctive fractal pattern seen in several different natural physical systems. See DLA.rle.

Evoloop and Evoloop-finite
An extension of the SDSR Loop, designed to allow evolution through collisions. To see the rule in action, open Evoloop-finite.rle.

HPP
The HPP lattice gas. A simple model of gas particles moving at right angles at a fixed speed turns out to give an accurate model of fluid dynamics on a larger scale. Though the later FHP gas improved on the HPP gas by using a hexagonal lattice for more realistic results, the HPP gas is where things began. Open HPP-demo.rle.

Langtons-Ant
Chris Langton's other famous CA. An ant walks around on a binary landscape, collecting and depositing pheremones. See Langtons-Ant.rle.

Langtons-Loops
The original loop. Chris Langton adapted Codd's 1968 CA to support a simple form of self-replication based on a circulating loop of instructions. To see the rule in action, open Langtons-Loops.rle.

LifeHistory
A 5-state extension of Brice Due's Historical Life rule, allowing for on and off marked cells as well as the history.

Perrier
Perrier extended Langton's Loops to allow for universal computation. See Perrier-Loop.rle.

Sand-Margolus-emulated
MCell's Sand rule is a simple simulation of falling sand particles. See Sand.rle.

SDSR-Loop
An extension of Langton's Loops, designed to cause dead loops to disappear, allowing other loops to replicate further. To see the rule in action, open SDSR-Loop.rle.

Tempesti
A programmable loop that can construct shapes inside itself after replication. To see the rule in action, open Tempesti-Loop.rle. This loop prints the letters 'LSL' inside each copy — the initials of Tempesti's university group.

WireWorld
A 4-state CA created by Brian Silverman. WireWorld models the flow of currents in wires and makes it relatively easy to build logic gates and other digital circuits. Open primes.mc and the other examples in Patterns/Other-Rules/WireWorld/.

Worm-1040512, Worm-1042015, Worm-1042020, Worm-1252121, Worm-1525115
Examples of Paterson's Worms, a simulation created by Mike Paterson in which a worm travels around a triangular grid according to certain rules. There's also a rule called Worm-complement which can be used to show the uneaten edges within a solid region. Open worm-1040512.rle and the other examples in Patterns/Other-Rules/Patersons-Worms/.

References:

Banks-I, Banks-II, Banks-III, Banks-IV (1971)
E. R. Banks. "Information Processing and Transmission in Cellular Automata" PhD Thesis, MIT, 1971.

Byl-Loop (1989)
J. Byl. "Self-Reproduction in small cellular automata." Physica D, Vol. 34, pages 295-299, 1989.

Chou-Reggia-1 and Chou-Reggia-2 (1993)
J. A. Reggia, S. L. Armentrout, H.-H. Chou, and Y. Peng. "Simple systems that exhibit self-directed replication." Science, Vol. 259, pages 1282-1287, February 1993.

Codd (1968)
E. F. Codd, "Cellular Automata" Academic Press, New York, 1968.

Devore (1973)
Devore, J. and Hightower, R. (1992) "The Devore variation of the Codd self-replicating computer" Third Workshop on Artificial Life, Santa Fe, New Mexico, Original work carried out in the 1970s though apparently never published. Reported by John R. Koza, "Artificial life: spontaneous emergence of self-replicating and evolutionary self-improving computer programs," in Christopher G. Langton, Artificial Life III, Proc. Volume XVII Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York, 1994, p. 260.

Evoloop (1999)
Hiroki Sayama "Toward the Realization of an Evolving Ecosystem on Cellular Automata", Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics (AROB 4th '99), M. Sugisaka and H. Tanaka, eds., pp.254-257, Beppu, Oita, Japan, 1999.

HPP (1973)
J. Hardy, O. de Pazzis, and Y. Pomeau. J. Math. Phys. 14, 470, 1973.

Langtons-Ant (1986)
C. G. Langton. "Studying artificial life with cellular automata" Physica D 2(1-3):120-149, 1986.

Langtons-Loops (1984)
C. G. Langton. "Self-reproduction in cellular automata." Physica D, Vol. 10, pages 135-144, 1984.

Paterson's Worms (1973)
See these sites for a good description and the latest results:
http://www.maa.org/editorial/mathgames/mathgames_10_24_03.html
http://wso.williams.edu/~Ebchaffin/patersons_worms/
http://tomas.rokicki.com/worms.html

Perrier (1996)
J.-Y. Perrier, M. Sipper, and J. Zahnd. "Toward a viable, self-reproducing universal computer" Physica D 97: 335-352. 1996

SDSR-Loop (1998)
Hiroki Sayama. "Introduction of Structural Dissolution into Langton's Self-Reproducing Loop." Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life, C. Adami, R. K. Belew, H. Kitano, and C. E. Taylor, eds., pp.114-122, Los Angeles, California, 1998, MIT Press.

Tempesti (1995)
G. Tempesti. "A New Self-Reproducing Cellular Automaton Capable of Construction and Computation". Advances in Artificial Life, Proc. 3rd European Conference on Artificial Life, Granada, Spain, June 4-6, 1995, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 929, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1995, pp. 555-563.

WireWorld (1987)
A. K. Dewdney, Computer Recreations. Scientific American 282:136-139, 1990.